Source: Refinitiv.

Are there any positive signs amidst this turmoil?

Global economic activity appears to have improved in the opening months of the year. Europe’s warmer weather has mitigated the energy price crunch while the remarkable strength in America’s jobs market and retail spending have provided positive surprises. China’s activity has also revived with the end of the national government’s ‘Zero COVID’ strategy of lockdowns with virus outbreaks. Global business surveys such as Purchasing Manager’s Indexes (PMIs) have made some encouraging gains in recent months.

Global consumer inflation appears to be finally moderating. Inflation has clearly peaked in the United States with 6% annual inflation in February compared to 9.1% in June 2022, as shown in chart 3 below. European inflation is starting to decline with lower energy prices after a warmer winter. Chinese inflation has remained constrained at 1% given a subdued economy struggling with a weak property sector. Australia’s inflation was 7.4% in January according to the new monthly measure which is notably below the 8.4% result in December. However rising rents and expected sharp rises in electricity prices from mid-year onwards suggests that Australia’s inflation is likely to remain elevated and painful this year.

Chart 3 – Global consumer inflation

Source: ABS, Eurostats, China National Bureau of Statistics and US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Commodity price pressures are fading as evidenced by lower global oil prices in recent months. The Brent crude oil price has fallen back from US$129 per barrel in June 2022 to currently US$75 as shown in chart 4 below. Given this oil price is measured in US Dollars, the Australian consumer has not as yet seen the benefit of lower oil prices due to a weaker Australian currency over that period. While we all contend with a retail petrol price stuck around the $2per litre level, the relief is that petrol prices are no longer continuing to rise. This means that inflation pressure should abate over time. Some comfort can also be taken from the recent sharp falls in shipping costs which indicates that global supply chain disruptions are being resolved. This also suggests global inflation pressures should moderate.

Chart 4 – Oil prices v’s shipping costs

Source: Refinitiv.

Yet why are central banks still raising interest rates?

Central banks responded to high inflation over the past year by rapidly raising official interest rates, as shown in chart 5 below. The Federal Reserve (FED) raised the US cash interest rate by a further 0.25% in March to a new target range of 4.75% to 5% even with the banking turmoil. The European Central Bank (ECB) raised their key interest rate by 0.5% in March even though the problems of Switzerland’s second largest bank in Credit Suisse are right on their doorstep. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) increased the cash interest rate by 0.25% to 3.6% in March.

Chart 5 – Central bank official interest rates

Source: RBA Statistical Table - F13.

Central banks still view inflation as a ‘clear and present danger’. There are a few reasons for this inflation obsession. Firstly, central banks proved complacent about the inflation risk in 2021 and early 2022 by arguing that price pressures were ‘transitory’. The strong recovery in global demand given low interest rates and government stimulus combined with the arrival of vaccines, were seen as a temporary boost to inflation. Secondly the inflation risks accelerated last year with the tragic Russia-Ukraine War and the persistence of global supply chain problems. So, inflation has remained well above central bank’s annual inflation targets which are typically 2%. Central banks consider their credibility is being questioned by not meeting these inflation targets.

Also, troubling central bankers are persistent price pressures in residential rents and wages as illustrated in charts 6 and 7 below. Residential rents are surging at an 8.8% annual pace in the United States given higher mortgage costs for landlords and low vacancy levels. Australia is now seeing strong rental increases at 4.8% in the year to December according to the official Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) inflation data. However, the anecdotal evidence from new renters is even more dramatic by suggesting that Australia’s rents are increasing at an 10% annualised pace.

Chart 6 and 7 – Residential rents and Wages growth

Source: ABS and US Bureau of Labor Statistics for residential rents and wages. Federal Reserve Atlanta for the US wage tracker.

Notably US wages growth shows a sharp surge to above 6% given a shortage of available workers. Australian wages growth has been milder at 3.3% in the year to December 2022, but again anecdotal evidence suggests that pressures are building. These wages pressures reflect the difficulty in attracting and retaining workers given the current shortages. This worker shortage reflects a mix of factors such as early retirement, lower immigration and the difficulty in getting affordable childcare.

Central bankers consider that labour markets are “tight” as there are high job vacancies outstanding with low unemployment levels. The ratio of job vacancies relative to the level of unemployed is 0.9 in Australia compared to the 1.9 in the USA as shown in chart 8 below. Both the Australian and American central banks are worrying that employees now have more bargaining power to push for higher wages to compensate for the recent inflation surge. Central banks feel that they have no choice but to slow economic activity and the demand for labour to cool inflation pressures. Accordingly, central bankers still feel compelled to act and talk tough by raising interest rates.

Chart 8 – Job vacancies to unemployment ratio